In the fast reactor spectrum 35 cl captures five times more neutrons than 37 cl. Reactivity effects caused by radial power flattening in a. Technology assessments background and current status from the initial conception of nuclear energy, it was recognized that full realization of the energy content of uranium would require the development of fast reactors with associated nuclear fuel cycles. Status of fast reactors nuclear energy encyclopedia. They are motivated by a variety of goals including improved safety.
Recycling tru in fast spectrum cores of actinide burner reactors tru in fertile free fuel. Generation iv reactors gen iv are a set of nuclear reactor designs currently being researched for commercial applications by the generation iv international forum, with technology readiness levels varying between the level requiring a demonstration, to economical competitive implementation. A sodiumcooled fast reactor is a fast neutron reactor cooled by liquid sodium the acronym sfr particularly refers to two generation iv reactor proposals, one based on existing liquid metal cooled reactor lmfr technology using mixed oxide fuel mox, the other based on the metalfueled integral fast reactor. A reactor design is presented that is believed to be representative of. Acceleratordriven systems ads and fast reactors fr in. Fast spectrum reactors presents a detailed overview of worldwide technology. The company ge hitachi has designed an integral fast reactor, the 311megawatt electric power reactor innovative small module prism, that is intended for. Uk fast reactors dounreay fast reactor dfr metal fuel, highly enriched u235u238 fuel, sodiumpotassium eutectic liquid metal coolant, 72mwth 19591977. Fast reactor by the gif policy group all feedback thermal coefficients negative no solid material in the high flux area. Provides an authoritative overview of fast spectrum reactors and their potential to contribute to the wide application of nuclear power systems, crucial to energy and proliferation concerns presents the current trends in the sustainable development of nuclear energy, nuclear design, data and cross section processing. Recycling tru and u in selfsustaining conversion ratio of one gascooled fast reactors, starting either early in 2047 or late in 2067.
At fast energies the energies on the righthand side of the plot things start to look a lot better for plutonium. A fast neutron reactor is a nuclear reactor in which the fission chain reaction is sustained by fast neutrons. Offers indepth coverage of reactor physics, materials, design, safety analysis, validations. Molten salt reactors neutronic properties of f not favorable to the upu fuel cycle thorium 233u fuel cycle what is a msfr. Sodium fast reactors with closed fuel cycle delivers a detailed discussion of an important technology that is being harnessed for commercial energy production in many parts of the world. Fast spectrum reactors require physics to step in and provide prompt negative feedback in the event of an accident. Irradiation test reactors currently operated by doe are thermal reactors built prior to 1970. Fast reactors more deliberately use the uranium238 as well as the fissile u235 isotope used in most reactors. Fast spectrum reactors 9781441995711, 9781441995728. Assessment of missions and requirements for a new u. Thermal and fast spectrum molten salt reactors for. Molten salt reactor molten salt liquid fuel also used as coolant based on the thorium fuel cycle with no solid i. The molten salt fast reactor as a fastspectrum candidate. Favorable neutron economy with respect to thermal neutron spectrum reactors 6.
Conclusions in this paper we present the methodology used to simulate a fast spectrum molten salt reactor with the mpactctf coupled code system. Frenchswedish seminar on future nuclear systems kth stockholm, sweden liquid fuelledreactors advantages of a liquid fuel homogeneity of the fuel no loading plan heat produced directly in the heat transfer fluid. Provides an authoritative overview of fast spectrum reactors and their. Reynolds, which, along with the russian translation, served as a major reference book for fast reactors systems. The sfrs fast spectrum also makes it possible to use available fissile and fertile materials including depleted uranium considerably more efficiently than thermal spectrum reactors with oncethrough fuel cycles. Economics always plays a pivotal role in the decision process associated with the construction of any project. The concept of fast spectrum molten salt reactor msfr. Nov 20, 2017 ed pheil argues for the fast spectrum moltensalt reactor designed by elysium industries. As the fuel pins in a fast reactor like sefor heat up the resonance cross section of the fissionable, but not fissile, isotope uranium238 increases.
The molten salt fast reactor as a fastspectrum candidate for thorium implementation 1 introduction background and motivation fast reactors fr have been developed in the early stages of nuclear technology for the purpose of breeding fissile isotopes from fertile materials, thus greatly extending the fuel. That means the neutron moderator slowing down in such reactors is undesirable. Overview of fast reactors technology and iaea activities in. Whats the difference between a thermal spectrum reactor. From the physics point of view, the main differences among reactor types arise from differences in their neutron energy spectra. The objective of this study is to start the process outlined in strategy 2 for liquid metal fast spectrum reactors, that is, to understand the modeling needs of simulation codes. Fastspectrum moltensalt reactor elysium industries ed. Basic principles of fast neutron spectrum reactors.
Nuclear power nuclear power plant types of reactors fast neutron reactor. Thermal and fastspectrum molten salt reactors for actininde burning and fuel production charles w. With a unique focus on the capabilities of fast spectrum reactors to address nuclear waste transmutation issues, in addition to the wellknown capabilities of breeding new fuel, this volume describes how fast spectrum reactors contribute to the wide. Request pdf fast spectrum reactors this book is a complete update of the classic 1981 fast breeder reactors textbook authored by alan e.
As such, she is contributing to various studies and validations of the concept of molten salt reactors and more specifically since 2008 on the definition and optimization of the concept of molten salt fast reactor msfr. It was accident scenarios such as these that sefor tested. Method to reduce longlived fission products by nuclear. A fast neutron reactor fnr or simply a fast reactor is a category of nuclear reactor in which the fission chain reaction is sustained by fast neutrons carrying energies above 0.
They are the subject of this report while molten salt reactors with either a thermal or fast spectrum are considered in a companion report. Ed pheil argues for the fastspectrum moltensalt reactor designed by elysium industries. Potentialities of the fast spectrum molten salt reactor. The technology was partly developed in the 1950s and.
A sodiumcooled fast reactor is a fast neutron reactor cooled by liquid sodium the acronym sfr particularly refers to two generation iv reactor proposals, one based on existing liquid metal cooled reactor lmfr technology using mixed oxide fuel mox, the other based on the metalfueled integral fast reactor several sodiumcooled fast reactors have been built, some still in. Fast spectrum reactors from springer fast spectrum reactors from springer this book is a complete update of the classic 1981 fast breeder reactors textbook authored by alan e. Fast spectrum reactors can have very different coolants from conventional reactors, including, but not limited to, liquid sodium, lead, leadbismuth eutectic, molten salt and helium, which might significantly challenge the structural integrity of the fuel. Advances in small modular reactor technology developments. Overview of fast reactors technology and iaea activities. Thermal and fast spectrum molten salt reactors for actinide. Current concept designs include thermal spectrum reactors eg imsr as well as fast spectrum reactors eg mcsfr. Fast breeder reactors in the world and operating experiences. With a unique focus on the capabilities of fast spectrum reactors to address nuclear waste transmutation issues, in addition to the wellknown capabilities of breeding new fuel, this volume describes how fast. Classification of reactors according to neutron flux spectrum.
Before discussing the neutronics, systems, and safety considerations involved in designing fast spectrum reactors, it is appropriate to follow the lead of wirtz 1 in sketching the bases for fast. Fast spectrum nuclear reactors with recycle significantly enhance the sustainability indices. The content on the specific smrs is provided by the responsible institute or. Accordingly, we shall endeavor in this chapter to outline the key factors that influence the cost of building a nuclear power plantwith special emphasis regarding fast spectrum reactors. Oct 24, 2017 transmutation of longlived fission products llfps. Request pdf fastspectrum, liquidfueled reactors the choice of the carrier salt for the molten salt reactor msr is discussed in this chapter. Sodium fast reactors with closed fuel cycle is a valuable reference for industry professionals involved in the construction of fast reactor power plants, as well as graduatelevel engineering students of the design and development of sodiumcooled fast reactor systems and components. The fastmixed spectrum reactor fmsr is a naw concept in fast reactors for the production of electric power. Over 400 reactoryears of operating experience has been accumulated. Mar 01, 2011 thermal and fast spectrum molten salt reactors for actininde burning and fuel production charles w. This book is a complete update of the classic 1981 fast breeder reactors textbook authored by alan e. Prototype fast reactor pfr, also at dounreay mixed oxide fuel, puu238, sodium liquid metal coolant, 600mwth 19741994. Economic analysis of fast spectrum reactors springerlink.
Introduction to fast reactor physics fast energy spectrum neutron moderation impacts of fast energy spectrum fissiontocapture, enrichment, etc. A brief history of interactive fiction on the sinclair zx spectrum doctor spectrum. Save up to 80% by choosing the etextbook option for isbn. Reynolds reactor types natural uranium uranium 235 uranium 233 plutonium 239. Feasibility of the upu fast spectrum moltensalt reactors using li, na, kfuf 4 truf 3 fuel salts 402 12. The design and its limitations, possi bilities, and. The flux spectrum for these reactors was determined. Presenting the state of the art of sodiumcooled fast reactors with closed fuel cycles, this book. Comparison to lwr neutron physics nuclear data and validation typical power distributions anticipated uncertainties modern covariance and data adjustment. With a unique focus on the capabilities of fast spectrum reactors to address nuclear waste transmutation issues, in addition to the wellknown capabilities of breeding new fuel, this volume describes how. Fastspectrum moltensalt reactor elysium industries.
About 20 fast neutron reactors fnr have already been operating, some since the 1950s, and some supplying electricity commercially. The previous international conference on fast reactors and related fuel cycles. Phenomena important in liquid metal reactor simulations. Generation iv fast reactors university of cambridge. It covers land based and marine based watercooled reactors, high temperature gas cooled reactors, liquid metal, sodium and gascooled fast neutron spectrum reactors and molten salt reactors. For thermal reactors c fast spectrum reactors they have a pretty hard neutron spectrum. Fast spectrum molten salt reactor options info oak ridge. Nu2 35 code, dtf, utilizing the s4po approximation and 16group cross sections generated by gam112 and tempesti1 computer codes. The fast spectrum allows increasing the energy yield from natural uranium by a factor of sixty to seventy compared with thermal reactors, theoretically extending nuclear power progra mmes for thousands of years as well as. During the 15 years following the 197677 turn away from developing fast breeder reactors as a national priority, the fftf was completed, put through an extensive startup testing program and used. Conference on fast reactors and related fuel cycles is one of the most important events. Challenges and opportunities fr09, held on 711 december 2009 in kyoto, japan, was attended by a large number of participants and produced favourable results.
Such a reactor needs no neutron moderator, but requires fuel that is relatively rich in fissile material when compared to. Fast spectrum reactors presents a detailed overview of worldwide technology contributing to the development of fast spectrum reactors. The early thermal spectrum concepts and many current ones rely on nuclear fuel, perhaps uranium tetrafluoride uf 4 or thorium tetrafluoride thf 4, dissolved in molten fluoride salt. Technical meeting on the benefits and challenges of fast. Sensitivity to nuclear data in a leadcooled fast reactor. One of the questions asked by the scientists in the past 1, 2 and one of the aims of this work was to verify whether it is possible to design a breeder system based on natural chlorine or enrichment in 37 cl is unavoidable. The technology was partly developed in the 1950s and 1960s. While both share, in principle, the characteristics of a fast spectrum and consequently share also fuel, material and coolant.
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